Urinary tract infections Antibiotics for UTIs Ceftriaxone [Rocephin®] (IV) — used for hospitalized patients to treat pyelonephritis. Always hospitalize pregnant women with pyelonephritis. After 2 days of no fever (clinical improvement) can switch to oral medication to continue treating pyelonephritis. Remember, pyelonephritis requires 5-14 days of antibiotics to eliminate bacteria from the entire urinary tract (kidney, renal collecting ducts, bladder).  Cephalexin [Alcephin®, Keflex®] (oral) — safe in pregnancy.  Fosfomycin [Monuril®] (oral) — safe in pregnancy Nitrofurantoin (oral) — used for cystitis only, does not achieve enough concentration in kidneys to treat pyelonephritis. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [Bactrim®] (oral) — used for cystitis only, does not achieve enough concentration in kidneys to treat pyelonephritis.…

these are personal notes only not meant for other uses. True labor vs false labor False labor: uterine contractions are not regular and do not result in cervical change. Also called “Braxton-Hicks” contractions True labor: regular uterine contracts that result in progressive cervical dilation and effacement. True labor is likely if painful contractions every 5 minutes for 1 hour. Stages & Phases of labor Stage 1: from onset of true labor to full cervical dilation (10cm). It has 2 phases: Latent phase: from onset of labor to period of rapid dilation (1-2cm/h). Active phase: from the period of rapid dilation (typically at 6cm dilation is when it speeds up ~1-2cm/h;…

A pregnant woman complains of increased urination, and has +2 glucose on urine dipstick. Pregnant women are more likely to get diabetes because human placental lactogen (hPL) reduces the response to insulin, to allow for a more constant supply of glucose to the fetus. However, finding glucose on urine dipstick can be normal, because during pregnancy there is increased blood flow to the kidneys and increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). More filtration (high GFR) results in more glucose in the urine. Increased renal blood flow, results in increased urine output and along with compression of the bladder by the growing uterus, this often leads to increased urination. A pregnant woman…